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Abstract
The paper explores the variability of bioclimatic indicators, with a particular emphasis on air temperature, revealing fluctuations in the nuclear configuration of the Carpathian landscape regions. To achieve this, multi-year monthly gridded data from the ERA5-Land series for the period of 1961-2020 are utilized. This variability becomes evident in the decadal and short-term fluctuations of the high mountain bioclimatic core zone and its associated lower zones, highlighting a deviation from symmetry in the distribution of bioclimatic zones, extending from the core towards the foothills. High and mid-mountain bioclimatic zones are primarily thermally dependent, while low mountain zones are susceptible to precipitation deficits. The research identifies the influence of climate warming and anthropogenic factors in shaping the succession of nuclear landscape regions within the Carpathians. Throughout all months between 1961 and 2020, warming is consistently observed, as confirmed by significant positive trends in average monthly air temperatures. The only exception to this trend is found in the high mountain landscape zones, which exhibit the lowest and insignificant magnitude of the warming trend in January. Among these zones, the coldest regions are in the Eastern Carpathians, specifically on the northeastern macroslope. In contrast, July experiences a significant warming trend in all Carpathian regions, particularly in the Western Carpathians, possibly attributed to changes in the influence of Atlantic circulation. Consequently, a reduction in the extent of alpine and subnival high mountain landscapes, including coniferous forests, is determined. Among the various bioclimatic zones within the Carpathians, mixed forest landscapes emerge as remarkably resilient to fluctuations in bioclimatic indicators, underscoring their significance as a dominant nuclear landscape region of the Carpathians. The findings suggest that these patterns have the potential to provide valuable insights into the dynamic interpretation of mountain landscapes and can be integrated into physical-geographical zoning schemes. In summary, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the climatic dynamics in the Carpathian region and their implications for landscape changes
References
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Wouters, H., (2021). Downscaled bioclimatic indicators for selected regions from 1979 to 2018 derived from reanalysis. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). DOI: 10.24381/cds.fe90a594
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